Q1. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a:
A) Distance vector routing protocol
B) Link state routing protocol
C) Path vector routing protocol
D) Hybrid routing protocol
✅ Answer: B) Link state routing protocol
💡 Explanation: OSPF is a link-state routing protocol where each router has complete topology knowledge and uses Dijkstra’s algorithm.
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Q2. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is used for:
A) Routing within a single organization
B) Routing between autonomous systems (inter-domain routing on the internet)
C) Wireless network management
D) VPN configuration
✅ Answer: B) Routing between autonomous systems (inter-domain routing on the internet)
💡 Explanation: BGP is the internet’s core routing protocol, managing how packets are routed between different autonomous systems (ISPs).
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Q3. IPv6 addresses are how many bits long?
A) 32 bits
B) 64 bits
C) 96 bits
D) 128 bits
✅ Answer: D) 128 bits
💡 Explanation: IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses (written as 8 groups of 4 hex digits), supporting 2^128 ≈ 3.4×10^38 unique addresses.
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Q4. Which wireless standard operates in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands?
A) 802.11b
B) 802.11a
C) 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)
D) 802.11g
✅ Answer: C) 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)
💡 Explanation: 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4) was the first standard to support dual-band operation (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz simultaneously).
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Q5. MPLS stands for:
A) Multi-Protocol Label Switching
B) Multiple Path Link System
C) Media Packet Loss System
D) Multi-Protocol Link State
✅ Answer: A) Multi-Protocol Label Switching
💡 Explanation: MPLS routes packets using short labels rather than IP addresses, improving speed in backbone networks.
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Q6. What is a ‘default gateway’ in networking?
A) The main internet provider
B) The router that forwards packets to external networks
C) The primary DNS server
D) The network’s main switch
✅ Answer: B) The router that forwards packets to external networks
💡 Explanation: The default gateway (usually a router) is the device that forwards local network traffic to external/internet destinations.
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Q7. WPA3 improves over WPA2 by:
A) Faster speed
B) Adding Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) for stronger password security
C) Supporting more devices
D) Using less bandwidth
✅ Answer: B) Adding Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) for stronger password security
💡 Explanation: WPA3 replaces WPA2’s PSK with SAE (Dragonfly handshake), protecting against offline dictionary attacks.
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Q8. Which protocol is used to monitor and manage network devices?
A) FTP
B) SNMP
C) SMTP
D) DNS
✅ Answer: B) SNMP
💡 Explanation: SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) collects and organizes information about network devices for monitoring.
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Q9. The ‘loopback address’ in IPv4 is:
A) 192.168.0.1
B) 255.255.255.255
C) 127.0.0.1
D) 0.0.0.0
✅ Answer: C) 127.0.0.1
💡 Explanation: 127.0.0.1 (localhost) is the loopback address — packets sent here are routed back to the same device.
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Q10. Which device operates at the Data Link Layer and uses MAC addresses?
A) Router
B) Hub
C) Switch
D) Repeater
✅ Answer: C) Switch
💡 Explanation: Network switches operate at Layer 2 (Data Link), forwarding frames based on MAC addresses in their MAC table.
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Q11. The TTL (Time to Live) field in an IP packet:
A) Specifies how long data is stored
B) Limits packet’s lifetime by decreasing by 1 at each router; discarded when TTL=0
C) Encrypts the packet
D) Defines packet priority
✅ Answer: B) Limits packet’s lifetime by decreasing by 1 at each router; discarded when TTL=0
💡 Explanation: TTL prevents routing loops by limiting the number of hops a packet can make before being discarded.
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Q12. Which layer of the OSI model does the Ethernet protocol operate at?
A) Network Layer
B) Physical and Data Link Layer
C) Transport Layer
D) Session Layer
✅ Answer: B) Physical and Data Link Layer
💡 Explanation: Ethernet operates at Layer 1 (Physical — transmission medium) and Layer 2 (Data Link — MAC addressing, framing).
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Q13. SD-WAN stands for:
A) Secure Data Wide Area Network
B) Software-Defined Wide Area Network
C) Standard Defined Wireless Access Network
D) Secure Data Wireless Area Network
✅ Answer: B) Software-Defined Wide Area Network
💡 Explanation: SD-WAN uses software to manage and optimize wide area network connections intelligently across multiple links.
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Q14. Which IPv6 address type is equivalent to broadcast in IPv4?
A) Unicast
B) Anycast
C) Multicast
D) Broadcast (IPv6 has no broadcast)
✅ Answer: D) Broadcast (IPv6 has no broadcast)
💡 Explanation: IPv6 eliminated broadcast and uses multicast for one-to-many communication, making it more efficient.
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Q15. The port range for ‘well-known ports’ is:
A) 0–1023
B) 1024–49151
C) 49152–65535
D) 0–65535
✅ Answer: A) 0–1023
💡 Explanation: Well-known ports (0–1023) are reserved for standard services (HTTP=80, HTTPS=443, FTP=21, SSH=22).
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Q16. A ‘subnet mask’ of 255.255.255.0 in CIDR notation is:
A) /16
B) /24
C) /8
D) /32
✅ Answer: B) /24
💡 Explanation: 255.255.255.0 = 24 ones in binary (11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000) = /24 in CIDR notation.
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Q17. EIGRP is a routing protocol developed by:
A) Juniper Networks
B) Microsoft
C) Cisco
D) IBM
✅ Answer: C) Cisco
💡 Explanation: EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary hybrid routing protocol.
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Q18. A packet-switched network:
A) Dedicates a fixed path for each communication
B) Breaks data into packets routed independently through the network
C) Only allows one user at a time
D) Requires permanent circuit setup
✅ Answer: B) Breaks data into packets routed independently through the network
💡 Explanation: Packet switching (used by internet) breaks data into packets that travel independently and reassemble at destination.
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Q19. QoS (Quality of Service) in networking is used to:
A) Monitor network security threats
B) Prioritize certain types of traffic to ensure performance
C) Assign IP addresses
D) Encrypt all network traffic
✅ Answer: B) Prioritize certain types of traffic to ensure performance
💡 Explanation: QoS prioritizes bandwidth-sensitive traffic (VoIP, video) to maintain quality even when the network is congested.
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Q20. Which protocol is used for secure file transfer over SSH?
A) FTP
B) TFTP
C) SFTP
D) FTPS
✅ Answer: C) SFTP
💡 Explanation: SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) uses SSH encryption to securely transfer files, unlike plain FTP.